APA

In-text citation
- Information-prominent v.s. author-prominent
  - Information-prominent: academic default
  - author-prominent: not quite so universal
- 1-2 authors: (Smith & Wesson, 2018)
- 3 or more authors: (Lambert et al., 2014)
- Quotes require a page number in addition to the author name and year.
  - Example:
    - For cities determined to show their environmental suitability, Ross and Leopkey (2017) recommend "zero impact **[as]** an area of potential for finding . . . cutting edge proposals" that will help Olympic bids stand out (p. 16).
    - According to Salvucci and Taatgen (2010), “It is widely acknowledged that today’s drivers do more than just drive. **…** **[D]**rivers have a wide array of nondriving tasks available to them at any given time” (p. 67).
    - “We have a crime problem in this countr**y,”** Goldwater (2018) argues, “not a gun problem” (p. 13).
  - Remember the period is AFTER the parentheses.
  - “On the other hand, if you are directly quoting or borrowing from another work, you should include the page number at the end of the parenthetical citation. Use the abbreviation “p.” (for one page) or “pp.” (for multiple pages) before listing the page number(s). Use an en dash for page ranges. For example, you might write (Jones, 1998, p. 199) or (Jones, 1998, pp. 199–201). This information is reiterated below.” [1]
- indirect citation
  - Tang argued that ... (as cited in Li, 2012, p. 98).
  - (Tang, 2000, as cited in Li, 2012, p. 98).
  - Restaurant owner Enrique Ortega claims the increased taxes have driven business down by 40% (as cited in White, 2016).
  - Effective teams can be difficult to describe because “high performance along one domain does not translate to high performance along another” (Ervin et al., 2018, p. 470).
- Multiple sources for the same thing: (xxx, 2006; yyy, 2007) in alphabetical order seperated with a semi-colon
In case of missing information
- missing date: (Smith, n.d.)
- missing author: use organization name or title. E.g. (U.S. Department of Transportation, 2010), ("Honeybee Lifecycles", 2007)
- missing page number:
  - paragraph number, (Smith, 2018, para. 3)
  - section name, (Li, 2019, Job Skills section)
  - timestamp, (Thompson, 2017, 3:40)

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Reference list
- Indentation: hanging
- Double space
- References bold and in the center
- List entries in alphabetical order, based on authors’ last names. Do not number each entry in the list.
- https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/reference_list_electronic_sources.html
- Online academic journal
  - Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year of publication). Title of the article. *Journal Title, volume number* (issue number), page–page. doi number* or URL
  - Katherine E. Jones → Jones, K. E., Dashfield, K., Downend, A. B., & Otto, C. M. (2004). Search-and-rescue dogs: An overview for veterinarians. *Journal of the American Veterinarian Medical Association, 225* (6), 854-860. <https://avmajournals.avma.org/doi/pdf/10.2460/javma.2004.225.854>
- Online periodical (e.g., newspaper articles, magazine articles)
  - Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year, Month Date). Title of article. *Title of Periodical*, *volume number* (issue number), pages. URL
  - Higgins, M. (2018, July 14). Get yourself a giant dog. *The New York Times.* <https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/14/opinion/sunday/get-yourself-a-giant-dog.html>
- Webpage
  - Lastname, F. M., & Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). *Title of article.* Title of Publication. URL
  - Kerry, C. F., Meltzer, J. P., Renda, A., & Wyckoff, A. W. (2024, February 26). *Should the UN govern global AI?* Brookings. <https://www.brookings.edu/articles/should-the-un-govern-global-ai/>

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Reference

https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/in_text_citations_the_basics.html